解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::As a result of sex chromosome differentiation from ancestral autosomes, male mammalian cells only contain one X chromosome. It has long been hypothesized that X-linked gene expression levels have become doubled in males to restore the original transcriptional output, and that the resulting X overexpression in females ...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001328
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genetically identical cells grown in the same culture display striking cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression and other traits. A crucial challenge is to understand how much of this heterogeneity reflects the noise tolerance of a robust system and how much serves a biological function. In bacteria, stochastic g...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001325
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human gut harbours a large and genetically diverse population of symbiotic microbes that both feed and protect the host. Evolutionary theory, however, predicts that such genetic diversity can destabilise mutualistic partnerships. How then can the mutualism of the human microbiota be explained? Here we develop an i...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001424
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bax/Bak-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is essential for "intrinsic" apoptotic cell death. Published studies used synthetic liposomes to reveal an intrinsic pore-forming activity of Bax, but it is unclear how other mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) proteins might facilitate this function...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001394
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Robust biological systems are expected to accumulate cryptic genetic variation that does not affect the system output in standard conditions yet may play an evolutionary role once phenotypically expressed under a strong perturbation. Genetic variation that is cryptic relative to a robust trait may accumulate neutrally...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001230
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hox transcription factors control a number of developmental processes with the help of the PBC class proteins. In vitro analyses have established that the formation of Hox/PBC complexes relies on a short conserved Hox protein motif called the hexapeptide (HX). This paradigm is at the basis of the vast majority of expe...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001351
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent cancer studies emphasize that genetic and heritable epigenetic changes drive the evolutionary rate of cancer progression and drug resistance. We discuss the ways in which nonheritable aspects of cellular variability may significantly increase evolutionary rate. Nonheritable variability arises by stochastic fluc...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001296
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the most influential observations in molecular evolution has been a strong association between local recombination rate and nucleotide polymorphisms across the genome. This is interpreted as evidence for ubiquitous natural selection. The alternative explanation, that recombination is mutagenic, has been rejecte...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001422
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent report by the Institute of Medicine leaves few urgent reasons standing for the continued use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. It is high time to think about their retirement, Frans de Waal argues, without neglecting prospects for non-invasive research on behavior, cognition, and genetics. ...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001291
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Changes in the physical interaction between cis-regulatory DNA sequences and proteins drive the evolution of gene expression. However, it has proven difficult to accurately quantify evolutionary rates of such binding change or to estimate the relative effects of selection and drift in shaping the binding evolution. He...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001420
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In all vertebrates hearing and touch represent two distinct sensory systems that both rely on the transformation of mechanical force into electrical signals. There is an extensive literature describing single gene mutations in humans that cause hearing impairment, but there are essentially none for touch. Here we firs...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001318
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::While multiple studies have reported the accelerated evolution of brain gene expression in the human lineage, the mechanisms underlying such changes are unknown. Here, we address this issue from a developmental perspective, by analyzing mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression in two brain regions within macaques, chimpan...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001214
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adaptor protein (AP) complexes sort cargo into vesicles for transport from one membrane compartment of the cell to another. Four distinct AP complexes have been identified, which are present in most eukaryotes. We report the existence of a fifth AP complex, AP-5. Tagged AP-5 localises to a late endosomal compartment i...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001170
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The wing of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, with its simple, two-dimensional structure, is a model organ well suited for a systems biology approach. The wing arises from an epithelial sac referred to as the wing imaginal disc, which undergoes a phase of massive growth and concomitant patterning during larval s...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001182
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Every year, ovarian cancer kills approximately 14,000 women in the United States and more than 140,000 women worldwide. Most of these deaths are caused by tumors of the serous histological type, which is rarely diagnosed before it has disseminated. By deep paired-end sequencing of mRNA from serous ovarian cancers, fol...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001156
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The developing pancreatic epithelium gives rise to all endocrine and exocrine cells of the mature organ. During organogenesis, the epithelial cells receive essential signals from the overlying mesenchyme. Previous studies, focusing on ex vivo tissue explants or complete knockout mice, have identified an important role...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001143
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitochondrial complex I, the largest and most complicated proton pump of the respiratory chain, links the electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone to the pumping of four protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space. In humans, defects in complex I are involved in a wide range of degenerative disorders. Recent...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001128
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glial cells surround neuronal endings to create enclosed compartments required for neuronal function. This architecture is seen at excitatory synapses and at sensory neuron receptive endings. Despite the prevalence and importance of these compartments, how they form is not known. We used the main sensory organ of C. e...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001121
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a nuclear transcription factor that responds to environmental and pathological hypoxia to induce metabolic adaptation, vascular growth, and cell survival. Here we found that HIF subunits and HIF2α in particular were normally expressed in the mediobasal hypothalamus of mice. Hypothalam...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001112
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Centromeres are differentiated chromatin domains, present once per chromosome, that direct segregation of the genome in mitosis and meiosis by specifying assembly of the kinetochore. They are distinct genetic loci in that their identity in most organisms is determined not by the DNA sequences they are associated with,...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001082
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A vast and rich body of information has grown up as a result of the world's enthusiasm for 'omics technologies. Finding ways to describe and make available this information that maximise its usefulness has become a major effort across the 'omics world. At the heart of this effort is the Genomic Standards Consortium (G...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001088
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The evolution of altruism is a fundamental and enduring puzzle in biology. In a seminal paper Hamilton showed that altruism can be selected for when rb - c > 0, where c is the fitness cost to the altruist, b is the fitness benefit to the beneficiary, and r is their genetic relatedness. While many studies have provided...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000615
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing evidence that the catch bond mechanism, where binding becomes stronger under tensile force, is a common property among non-covalent interactions between biological molecules that are exposed to mechanical force in vivo. Here, by using the multi-protein tip complex of the mannose-binding type 1 fimb...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000617
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitochondrial shape is determined by fission and fusion reactions catalyzed by large GTPases of the dynamin family, mutation of which can cause neurological dysfunction. While fission-inducing protein phosphatases have been identified, the identity of opposing kinase signaling complexes has remained elusive. We report...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000612
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In neurons polarized trafficking of vesicle-bound membrane proteins gives rise to the distinct molecular composition and functional properties of axons and dendrites. Despite their central role in shaping neuronal form and function, surprisingly little is known about the molecular processes that mediate polarized targ...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001021
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The function of neuronal networks relies on selective assembly of synaptic connections during development. We examined how synaptic specificity emerges in the pontocerebellar projection. Analysis of axon-target interactions with correlated light-electron microscopy revealed that developing pontine mossy fibers elabora...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001013
更新日期:2011-02-08 00:00:00
abstract::In Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 the availability of inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an environmental signal that controls biofilm formation through a cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) signaling pathway. In low Pi conditions, a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) RapA is expressed, depleting cellular c-di-GMP and causing the los...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000587
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In photosynthetic organisms, feedback dissipation of excess absorbed light energy balances harvesting of light with metabolic energy consumption. This mechanism prevents photodamage caused by reactive oxygen species produced by the reaction of chlorophyll (Chl) triplet states with O₂. Plants have been found to perform...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000577
更新日期:2011-01-18 00:00:00
abstract::The organization and the mechanisms of condensation of mitotic chromosomes remain unsolved despite many decades of efforts. The lack of resolution, tight compaction, and the absence of function-specific chromatin labels have been the key technical obstacles. The correlation between DNA sequence composition and its con...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000574
更新日期:2011-01-11 00:00:00
abstract::To elucidate the history of living and extinct elephantids, we generated 39,763 bp of aligned nuclear DNA sequence across 375 loci for African savanna elephant, African forest elephant, Asian elephant, the extinct American mastodon, and the woolly mammoth. Our data establish that the Asian elephant is the closest livi...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564
更新日期:2010-12-21 00:00:00
abstract::Recent findings suggest that functional brain imaging might be used to identify consciousness in patients diagnosed with persistent vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Michael Rafii and James Brewer discuss the potential for fMRI's wider implementation in clinical practice, and associated caveats. ...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000548
更新日期:2010-11-30 00:00:00
abstract::A large fraction of genome variation between individuals is comprised of submicroscopic copy number variation of genomic DNA segments. We assessed the relative contribution of structural changes and gene dosage alterations on phenotypic outcomes with mouse models of Smith-Magenis and Potocki-Lupski syndromes. We pheno...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000543
更新日期:2010-11-23 00:00:00
abstract::Because physical form and function are intimately linked, mechanisms that maintain cell shape and size within strict limits are likely to be important for a wide variety of biological processes. However, while intrinsic controls have been found to contribute to the relatively well-defined shape of bacteria and yeast c...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000542
更新日期:2010-11-16 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanisms by which genes control organ shape are poorly understood. In principle, genes may control shape by modifying local rates and/or orientations of deformation. Distinguishing between these possibilities has been difficult because of interactions between patterns, orientations, and mechanical constraints du...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000537
更新日期:2010-11-09 00:00:00
abstract::The WRAP53 gene gives rise to a p53 antisense transcript that regulates p53. This gene also encodes a protein that directs small Cajal body-specific RNAs to Cajal bodies. Cajal bodies are nuclear organelles involved in diverse functions such as processing ribonucleoproteins important for splicing. Here we identify the...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000521
更新日期:2010-11-02 00:00:00
abstract::Recent analyses of the fossil record and molecular phylogenies suggest that there are fundamental limits to biodiversity, possibly arising from constraints in the availability of space, resources, or ecological niches. Under this hypothesis, speciation rates decay over time and biodiversity eventually saturates, with ...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000493
更新日期:2010-09-28 00:00:00
abstract::Certain bacterial adhesins appear to promote a pathogen's extracellular lifestyle rather than its entry into host cells. However, little is known about the stimuli elicited upon such pathogen host-cell interactions. Here, we report that type IV pili (Tfp)-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (P(+)GC) induces an immediate r...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000457
更新日期:2010-08-24 00:00:00
abstract::Domestic dogs exhibit tremendous phenotypic diversity, including a greater variation in body size than any other terrestrial mammal. Here, we generate a high density map of canine genetic variation by genotyping 915 dogs from 80 domestic dog breeds, 83 wild canids, and 10 outbred African shelter dogs across 60,968 sin...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000451
更新日期:2010-08-10 00:00:00
abstract::The F-type ATP synthase complex is a rotary nano-motor driven by proton motive force to synthesize ATP. Its F(1) sector catalyzes ATP synthesis, whereas the F(o) sector conducts the protons and provides a stator for the rotary action of the complex. Components of both F(1) and F(o) sectors are highly conserved across ...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000418
更新日期:2010-07-13 00:00:00
abstract::Many species are experiencing sustained environmental change mainly due to human activities. The unusual rate and extent of anthropogenic alterations of the environment may exceed the capacity of developmental, genetic, and demographic mechanisms that populations have evolved to deal with environmental change. To begi...
journal_title:PLoS biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000357
更新日期:2010-04-27 00:00:00